|
RISHI DIRGHATAMA Many of the Upanishadic rishis are familiar to you. Vedic rishis are perhaps not so. Today I will speak of one of the Vedic rishis. Some names of great Vedic rishis must have reached your ears —Vashishtha, Vishwamitra, Atri, Parasara, Kanwa (I do not know if it is the same Kanwa of whom Kalidasa speaks in his Shakuntala), Madhuchchanda. All of them are seers of mantra, hearers of mantra, creators of mantra; all of them occupy a large place in the Veda. Each one of them has his speciality, each one delivers a mantra that is in its tone, temper and style his own although the subject matter, the substance, the fundamental realisation is everywhere the same. For example, Vashishtha is characterised by a happy clarity, Vishwamitra has force and energy, Kutsa is sweetness, Dirghatama is well-known for his oblique utterances, his paradoxical apopthegms.1 Today precisely it is of Dirghatama that we will speak. Dirghatama does not mean as the word would indicate to the layman, one who is very tall—śālaprāṁśurmahā-bhujaḥ in Kalidasa's phrase. Tama is not the superlative suffix (most), it is tamas, darkness. So, from the name itself one may naturally expect that the person was not of 1 Sri Aurobindo says: "In the deep and mystic style of the Dirghatamas Auchathya as in the melodious lucidity of Medhatithi Kanwa, in the puissant and energetic hymns of Vishwamitra as in Vashishtha's even harmonies we have the same firm foundation of knowledge and the same scrupulous adherence to the sacred conventions of the Initiates." Page-8 an ordinary category. Indeed the amount of stories and legends that have been woven around the name is fantastic—queer, odd, unbelievable, impossible in every way. I need not open that chapter. I shall speak only of what seems to me probable and believable and likely and it must be this that he passed a long time in darkness, engulfed in obscurity. The legend says that he was in his mother's womb long past the due time and it seems it was of his own will. His mother's name was Mamata and his father was Uchathya. When he came out of the darkness and saw the light, it was a light strangely glimmering with all the vibrations of the long obscurity to which he had been accustomed. It was indeed the Light beyond the confines of all darkness, nescience, and yet carrying a mystic imprint of the mysteries of darkness. So he started his quest with this questioning:
Indeed the darkness and the blindness seem to have been the Divine's grace upon him, for his eyes turned inward to other domains and saw strange truths and stranger facts. We remember in this connection another blind old poet who even though fallen on such evil days composed the world famous epic-poem (I am referring obviously to Milton and his Paradise Lost). We remember also here the deaf incomparable master of music Beethoven. Many of the sayings of Dirghatama have become so current that they Page-9 are now familiar even to the common man. They are mottos and proverbs we all quote at all times. "Truth is one, the wise call it in different ways"—the mantra is from Dirghatama. "Heaven is my father, Earth my mother"— this is also from Dirghatama. The famous figure of two birds with beautiful wings dwelling on the same tree comes also from Dirghatama. There are a good many sayings of this kind that have become intimate companions to our lips of which the source we do not know. When we read the mantras of Dirghatama we are likely to exclaim even as the villager did when he first saw Hamlet played in London, "It is full of quotations." You must have already noticed that the utterance of Dirghatama carries a peculiar turn, even perhaps a twist. In fact his mantras are an enigma, a riddle to which it is sometimes difficult to find the fitting key. For example when he says, "What is above is moving downward and what is down is moving upward; yes, they who are below are indeed up above and they who are up are here below," or again, "He who knows the father below by what is above, and he who knows the father who is above by what is below is called the poet (the seer creator)", we are, to say the least, not a little puzzled. The old delightful rishi—to use the epithets he gives to his Agni—and blind into the bargain, continues, the substance and manner in the same way paradoxical and enigmatic, perhaps deliberately tantalising and confusing:
Page-10
Then again look at this picture almost surrealistic in its boldness:
Needless to say these are signs and symbols and figures of a language seeking to express truths and realities of an invisible world, spiritual and occult. We are reminded of the "twilight" language of the poet-saints (Siddhacharyas) of Bengal of much later days. There is no end to the problems that face Dirghatama with his almost tormented mind. Listen once more to this riddle:
Here are some more of his aspirations, the questions that trouble him, the riddles whose solution he needs most. He calls upon the world and asks:
Page-11
To these abstruse questions he himself gives, I am afraid, abstruse answers:
As are the questions so are the answers, equally enigmatic and obscure.
About the Word, the mystery which Dirghatama unveils is an extraordinary
revelation—so curious, so illuminating. In later times many lines of spiritual
discipline have adopted his scheme and spread it far and wide. Dirghatama
himself was an uncommon wizard of words. The truths he saw and clothed in
mantras have attained, as I have already said, general celebrity. He says: "The
Word is of four categories. It has four stations or levels or gradations." The
Rishi continues: "Three of them are unmanifested, unbodied; only the fourth one
is manifest and bodied, on the tongue of man." This terminology embodying a
fundamental principle has had many commentaries and explanations. Of these the
most well-known is that given by the Tantras. They have named the fourfold words
as (1) parā,
supreme; (2) paśyantī,
the seeing Page-12 one; (3) madhyamā, the middle one or the one within and (4) vaikharī, the articulate word. In modem language we may say that the first one is the self-vibration of the Supreme Being or Consciousness; the second is the vibration of the higher-mind or the pure intelligence; the third is the vibration of the inner heart; and the fourth the vibration of physical sound, of voice. In philosophical terms of current English we may name these as ( 1) revelatory, (2) intuitive, (3) inspirational and (4) vocal. Now in conclusion I will just speak of the fundamental vision of the rishi. His entire realisation, the whole Veda of his life, he has, it appears, pressed into one single ṛk. We have heard it said that the entire range of all scriptures is epitomised in the Gita and the Gita itself is epitomised in one sloka - sarvadharmān parityajya . . . Even so we may say that Rishi Dirghatama has summarised his experience, at least the fundamental basic one, and put it into a sutra. It is the famous ṛk with which he opens his long hymn to Surya:
This is again a sphinx puzzle indeed. But what is the meaning? The universe, the creation has its fundamental truth in a Trinity: Agni (the Fire-god) upon earth, Vayu (the Wind-god) in the middle regions and in heaven the Page-13 Sun. In other words, breaking up the symbolism We may say that the creation is a triple reality, three principles constitute its nature. Matter, Life and Consciousness or status, motion and Light. This triplicity however does not exhaust the whole of the mystery. For the ultimate mystery is imbedded within the heart of the third brother, for our rishis saw there the Universal Divine Being and his seven sons. In our familiar language we may say it is the Supreme Being, God himself (Purushottama) and his seven lines of self-manifestation. We have often heard of the seven worlds or levels of being and consciousness, the seven chords of the Divine Music. In more familiar terms we say that body and life and mind form the lower half of the cosmic reality and its upper half consists of Sat-Chit-Ananda (or Satya-Tapas-Jana) And the link, the nodus that joins the two spheres is the fourth principle (Turya), the Supermind, Vijnana. Such is the vision of Rishi Dirghatama, its fundamental truth in a nutshell. To know this mystery is the whole knowledge and knowing this, one need know nothing else. A word is perhaps necessary to complete the sense of the commentary. Agni has been called old and ancient (palita), but why? Agni is the first among the gods. He has come down upon earth, entered into matter with the very creation of the material existence. He is the secret energy hidden in the atom which is attracting, invoking all the other gods to manifest themselves. It is he who drives the material consciousness in its evolutionary re-course upward towards the radiant fullness in the solar Supra Consciousness at the ·summit. He is .however not only
Page-14 energy, he is also delight (vāma). For he is the Soma, the nectarous flow, occult in the Earth's body. For Earth is the storehouse of the sap of Life, the source of the delightful growths of Life here below. Page-15 |