|
A. Vedic Conception of the Poet
'Kavi' is an invariable epithet of the gods. The Vedas mean by this attribute to bring out a most fundamental character, an inalienable dharma of the heavenly host. All the gods are poets; and a human being can become a poet only in so far as he attains to the nature and status of a god.. Who is then a kavi? The Poet is he who by his poetic power raises forms of beauty in heaven—kavih kavitva divi rupam asajat.1 Thus the essence of poetic power is to fashion divine Beauty, to reveal heavenly forms. What is this Heaven whose forms the Poet discovers and embodies? Heaven—Dyaus—has a very definite connotation in the Veda. It means the luminous or divine Mind2—the mind purified of its obscurity and limitations, due to subjection to the external senses, thus opening to the higher Light, receiving and recording faithfully the deeper and vaster movements and vibrations of the Truth, giving them a form, a perfect body of the right thought and the right word. Indra is the lord of this world and he can be approached only with an enkindled intelligence, didhaya manlsa,3 a faultless understanding, sumedha.3 He is the supreme Artisan of the poetic power, Tashta4, the maker of perfect forms, surupa krtnum.* All the gods turn towards Indra and become gods and poets, attain their Great Names of Supreme Beauty.5 Indra is also the master of the senses, indnyas, who are his hosts. It is through this mind and the senses that the poetic creation has to be manifested. The mind spreads out wide the Poet's weaving;6
Rig Veda, X. 124. 7.
1The Secret of the Veda, by Sri Aurobindo. Page 335 the poet is the priest who calls down and works out the right thinking in the sacrificial labour of creation,1 But that creation is made in and through the inner mind and the inner senses that are alive to the subtle formation of a vaster knowledge.2 The poet envisages the golden, forms fashioned out of the very profundity of the consciousness.3 For the substance, the material on which the Poet works, is Truth. The seat of the Truth the poets guard, they uphold the supreme secret Names.4 The poet has the expressive utterance, the creative word; the poet is a poet by his poetic creation—the shape faultlessly wrought out that unveils and holds the Truth.5 The form of beauty is the body of the Truth.
The poet is a trinity in himself. A triune consciousness
forms his personality. First of all, he is the Knower—the Seer
of the Truth, kavayah satyadrastarah. He has the direct vision,
the luminous intelligence, the immediate perception.6 A
subtle and profound and penetrating consciousness is his, ninyam, pracetas; his is the eye of the Sun, surya caksuh.7 He
secures an increased being through his effulgent understanding.8 In the second place, the Poet is not only Seer but Doer;
he is knower as well as creator. He has a dynamic knowledge
and his vision itself is power, nrcaksah;9 he is the Seer-Will, kavikratuh.10 He has the blazing radiance of the Sun and is
supremely potent in his self-luminousness.11 The Sun is the light
and the energy of the Truth. Even like the Sun the Poet gives
birth to the Truth, surya satyasava, satyaya satyaprasavaya. But
the Poet as Power is not only the revealer or creator, savita, he
is also the builder or fashioner, tasta, and he is the organiser, vedhah, of the Truth.12 As Savita he manifests the Truth, as Tashta he gives a perfected body and form to the Truth, and
1 Ibid. I. 151. 7. 2 Ibid. IV. 16. 3. 3 Ibid. VIII. 8. 2. 4 Ibid. X. S. 2. « Ibid. IX. 96. 17; 'Ibid. I. 71. 10; kavmi ketim-VH. 6. 2. 7 Ibid. IX. 10. 8-9. « Rig., Veda, VIII. 44.12.
"Ibid. III. 54. 6. Page 336 effective marshalling and organisation of the Truth is what is called Ritam, the Right; it is also called Dharma,1 the Law or the Rhythm, the ordered movement and invincible execution of the Truth. The Poet pursues the Path of the Right;2 it is he who lays out the Path for the march of the Truth, the progress of the Sacrifice.3 He is like a fast steed well-yoked, pressing forward;4 he is the charger that moves straight and unswerving and carries us beyond5—into the world of felicity. Indeed delight is the third and the supremely intimate element of the poetic personality. Dear and delightful is the poet, dear and delightful his works, priya, priyani. His hand is dripping with sweetness, kavir hi madhuhastyah.6 The Poet-God shines in his pristine beauty and is showering delight.7 He is filled with utter ecstasy so that he may rise to the very source of the luminous Energy.8? Pure is the Divine Joy and it enters and purifies all forms as it moves to the seat of the Immortals.9 Indeed this sparkling Delight is the Poet-Seer and it is that that brings forth the creative word, the utterance of Indra.10 The solar vision of the Poet encompasses in its might the wide Earth and Heaven, fuses them in supreme Delight in the womb of the Truth.11 The Earth is lifted up and given marriage to Heaven in the home of Truth, for the creation and expression of the Truth in its varied beauty, caru citram. The Poet creates forms of beauty in Heaven; but these forms are not made out of the void. It is the Earth that is raised to Heaven and transmuted into divine truthforms. The union of Earth and Heaven is the source of the Joy, the Ananda, that the Poet unseals and distributes. Heaven and Earth join and meet in the world of Delight; between them they press out Soma, the drink of the gods. The Mind and the Body are held together by means of the Life, the mid-world. The Divine Mind by raising the body-
1 Ibid., III. 38. 2. 2 Ibid., VIII. 8. 23. 3Taittiriya Samhita, III. 5S. 3. 4 Rig Veda, III. 38. 1. 5 Ibid., IV. 16. 11. 6Ibid., V. 5. 2. 7 Ibid., IX. 25. 2. 8 Ibid., IX. 25. 6.
9 Ibid., IX. 25. 4. Page 337 consciousness into itself gathers up too, by that act, the delight of life and releases the fountain of immortal Bliss. That is the work and achievement of the gods as poets.
Where then is the birth of the Poets ? Ask it of the Masters. The Poets have seized and mastered the Mind, they have the perfect working and they fashion the Heaven. On this Earth they hold everywhere in themselves all the secrets. They make Earth and Heaven move together, so that they may realise their heroic strength. They measure them with their rhythmic measurings, they hold in their controlled grasp the vast and great twins, and unite them and establish between them the mid-world of Delight for the perfect poise.1
All the gods are poets—their forms are perfect, surupa, sudrsa, their Names full of beauty, cam devasya nama,2 This means also that the gods embody the different powers that constitute the poetic consciousness. Agni is the Seer-Will, the creative vision of the Poet—the luminous energy born of an experience by identity with the Truth. Indra is the Idea- Form, the architectonic conception of the work or achievement. Mitra and Varuna are the large harmony, the vast cadence and sweep of movement. The Aswins, the Divine Riders, represent the intense zest of well-yoked Life-Energy. Soma is Rasa, Ananda, the Supreme Bliss and Delight. The Vedic Poet is doubtless the poet of Life, the architect of Divinity in man, of Heaven upon earth. But what is true of Life is fundamentally true of Art too—at least true of the Art as it was conceived by the ancient seers and as it found expression at their hands.3
1 Rig Veda, 111. 38. 2. 3. 2 Ibid., 1. 24. I. 3 The Vedic term Kavi means literally 'a seer', 'one who has the vision', as the word 'poet' means etymologically 'a doer', 'a creator'. I have combined the two senses to equate the terms and bring out the meaning involved in their more current acceptation. Page 338 |