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The Observer and the Observed
SCIENCE means objectivity, that is to say, elimination of the personal element-truth as pure fact without being distorted or coloured by the feelings and impressions and notions of the observer. It is the very opposite of the philosopher's standpoint who says that a thing exists because (and so long as) it is perceived. The scientist swears that a thing exists whether you perceive it or not, perception is possible because it exists, not the other way. And yet Descartes is considered not only as the father of modern philosophy, but also as the founder o( modern mathematical science. But more of that anon. The scientific observer observes as a witness impartial and aloof: he is nothing more than a recording machine, a sort of passive mirror reflecting accurately and faithfully what is presented to it. This is indeed the great revolution brought about by Science in the world of human inquiry and in human consciousness, viz., the isolation of the observer from the observed.
In the old world, before Science was born, sufficient
distinction or discrimination was not made between the observer and
the observed. The observer mixed himself up or identified himself
with what he observed and the result was not a scientific statement
but a poetic description. Personal feelings, ideas, judgments entered
into the presentation of facts and the whole mass passed as truth,
the process often being given the high-sounding name of Intuition,
Vision or Revelation but whose real name is fancy. And if there
happened to be truth off act somewhere, it was almost by chance. Once
we thought of the eclipse being due to the greed of a demon, and
pestilence due to the evil eye of a wicked goddess. The universe was
born out of an egg, the cosmos consisted of concentric circles of
worlds that were meant to reward the virtuous and punish the
321 sinner in graded degrees. These are some of the very well-known instances of pathetic fallacy, that is to say, introducing the element of personal sentiment in our appreciation of events and objects. Even today Nazi race history and Soviet Genetics carry that unscientific prescientific tradition. Science was born the day when the observer cut himself aloof from the observed. Not only so, not only he is to stand aside, outside the field of observation and be a bare recorder, but that he must let the observed record itself, that is, be its own observer. Modern Science means not so much the observer narrating the story of the observed but the observed telling its own story. The first step is well exemplified in the story of Galileo. When hot discussion was going on and people insisted on saying-as Aristotle decided and common sense declared – that heavier bodies most naturally fall quicker from a height, it was this prince of experimenters who straightaway took two differen.t weights, went up the tower of Pisa and let them drop and astounded the people by showing that both travel with equal speed and fall to the ground at the same time.
Science also declared that it is not the observation of
one person, however qualified, that determines the truth or otherwise
of a fact, but the observation of many persons and the possibility of
observations of all persons converging, coinciding, corroborating. It
is only when observation has thus been tested and checked that
one can be sure that the personal element has been eliminated. Indeed
the ideal condition would be if the observer, the scientist himself,
could act as part of the machine for observation: at the mos he
should be a mere assembler of the parts of the machine that would
record itself, impersonatly, automatically. The rocket instruments
that are sent high up in the sky to record the temperature, pressure
or other weather condition in the stratosphere or the deep-sea
recording machines are ingenious inventions in that line. The wizard
Jagadish Chandra Bose showed his genius precisely in the way he made
the plant itself declare its life-story: it is not what the scientist
thinks or feels about the plant, but what the plant has to say of its
own accord, as it were – its own tale of growth and decay, of
suffering, spasm, swoon, suffocation or death under given conditions.
This is the second step that Science took in the direction of
impersonal and objective inquiry.
Page – 322 It was thought for long a very easy matter – at least not extraordinarily difficult – to eliminate the observer and keep only to the observed. It was always known how the view of the observer that is to say, his observation changed in respect of the observed fact with his change of position. The sun rises and sets to the observer on earth: to an observer on Mars, for example, the sun would rise and set, no doubt, but earth too along with, in the same way as Mars and sun appear to us now, while to an observer on the sun, the sun would seem fixed while the planets would be seen moving round. Again, we all know the observer in a moving train sees things outside the train moving past and himself at stand-still; the same observer would see another train moving alongside in the same direction and with the same speed as stuck to it and at stand-still, but as moving with double the speed if going in a contrary direction: and so on. The method proposed for eliminating the observer was observation, more and more observation, and experiment, testing the observation under given conditions. I observe and record a series of facts and when I have found a sufficient ,number of them I see I am able to put them all together under a general title, a law of the occurrence or pattern of the objects observed. Further it is not I alone who can do it in any peculiar way personal to me, but that, everybody else can do the same thing and arrive at the same series of facts leading to the same conclusion. I note, for example, the sun's path from day to day in the sky; soon we find that the curves described by the sun are shifted along the curve of an ellipse (that is to say, their locus is an ellipse). The ecliptic is thus found to be an ellipse which means that the earth moves round the sun in an ellipse.
But in the end a difficulty arose in the operation of
observation. It proved to be not a simple process. The scientific
observer requires for his observation the yard-stick and the
time-piece. Now, we have been pushed to admit a queer phenomenon
(partly by observation and partly by a compelling deduction) that
these. two measuring units are not constant; they change with the
change of system, that is to say, according to the velocity of the
system. In other words, each observer has his own unit of space and
time measure. So the elimination of
Page – 323 the personal element of the observer has become a complicated mathematical problem, even if one is sure of it finally. There is still something more. The matter of calculating and measuring objectively was comparatively easy when the object in view was of medium size, neither too big nor too small. But in the field of the infinite and the infinitesimal, when from the domain of mechanical forces we enter into the region of electric and radiant energy, we find our normal measuring apparatus almost breaks down. Here accurate observation cannot be made because of the very presence of the observer, because of the very fact of observation. The ultimates that are observed are trails of light particles: now when the observer directs his eye (or the beam oflight replacing the eye) upon the light particle, its direction and velocity are interfered with: the photon is such a tiny infinitesimal that a ray from the observer's eye is sufficient to deflect and modify its movement. And there is no way of determining or eliminating this element of deflection or interference. The old Science knew certainly that a thermometer dipped in the water whose temperature it is to measure itself changes the initial temperature. But that was something calculable and objective. Here the position of the observer is something like a "possession", imbedded, ingrained, involved in the observed itself. The crux of the difficulty is this. We say the observing eye or whatever mechanism is made to function for it, disturbs the process of observation. Now to calculate that degree or measure of disturbance one has to fall back upon another observing eye, and this again has to depend upon yet another behind. Thus there is an infinite regress and no final solution. So, it has been declared, in the ultimate analysis, scientific calculation gives us only the average result, and it is only average calculations that are possible.
Now we come to the sanctum, the Shekinah, of the
problem. For there is a still deeper mystery. And pre-eminently it is
an Einsteinian discovery. It is not merely the measuring ray of
light, not merely the beam in the eye of the observer that is the
cause of interference: the very mind behind the eye is involved in a
strange manner. The mind is not a tabula rasa, it comes into
the field with certain presuppositions-axioms and postulates, as it
calls them-due to its angle of vision and perhaps
Page – 324 to the influence upon it of immediate sense perception. It takes for granted, for example, that light travels in a straight line, that parallels do not meet, indeed all the theorems and deductions of Euclidean geometry. There is a strong inclination in the mind to view things as arranged according to that pattern. Einstein has suggested that the spherical scheme can serve as well or even better our observations. Riemann's non-Euclidean geometry has assumed momentous importance in contemporary scientific enquiry. It is through that scheme that Einstein proposes to find the equation that will subsume the largest number of actual and possible or potential facts and bring about the reconciliation of such irrecon ilables as wave and particle, gravitation and electricity. In any case, at the end of all our peregrinations we seem to circle back to our original Cartesian-cum-Berkeleyean position; we discover that it is not easy to extricate the observed from the observer: the observer is so deep set in the observed, part and parcel of it that there are scientists who consider their whole scientific scheme of the world as only a mental set-up, we may replace it very soon by another scheme equally cogent, subjective all the same. The subject has entered into all objects and any definition of the object must necessarily depend upon the particular poise of the subject. That is the cosmic immanence of the Purusha spoken of in the Upanishads – the one Purusha become many and installed in the heart of each and, every object. There is indeed a status of the Subject in which the subject and the object are gathered into or form one reality. The observer and the observed are the two ends, the polarisation of a single entity: and all are reals at that level. But the scientific observer is only the mental purusha and in his observation the absolute objectivisation is not possible. The Einsteinian equations that purport to rule out all local view-points can hardly be said to have transcended the co-ordinates of the subject. That is possible only to the consciousness of the cosmic Purusha.
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Is it then to say that science is no longer science, it
has now been converted into philosophy, even into idealistic
philosophy? Page – 325 In spite of Russell and Eddington who may be considered in this respect as counsellors of despair, the objective reality of the scientific field stands, it is asserted, although somewhat changed. Now, there are four positions possible with regard to the world and reality, depending on the relation between the observer and the observed, the subject and the object. They are: (I) subjective, (2) objective, (3) subjective objective and
(4) objective subjective. The first two are extreme
positions, one holding the subject as the sole or absolute reality,
the object being a pure fabrication of its will and idea, an
illusion, and the other considering the object as the true reality,
the subject being an outcome, an epiphenomenon of the object itself,
an illusion after all. The first leads to radical or as it is called
monistic spirituality the type of which is Mayavada: the second is
the highway of materialism, the various avataras of which are
Marxism, Pragmatism, Behaviourism etc. In between lie the other two
intermediate positions according to the stress or value given to
either of the two extremes. The first of the intermediates is the
position held generally by the idealists, by many schools of
spirituality: it is a major Vedantic position. It says that the
outside world, the object, is not an illusion, a mere fabrication of
the mind or consciousness of the subject, but that it exists and is
as real as the subject: it is dovetailed into the subject which is a
kind of linchpin, holding together and even energising the object.
The object can further be considered as an expression or embodiment
of the subject. Both the subject and the object are made of the same
stuff of consciousness – the ultimate reality b ing consciousness.
The subject is the consciousness turned on itself and the object is
consciousness turned outside or going abroad. This is pre-eminently
the Upanishadic position. In Europe, Kant holds a key position in
this line: and on the whole, idealists from Plato to Bradley and
Bosanquet can be said more or less to belong to this category. The
second intermediate position views the subject as imbedded into the
object, not the object into the subject as in the first one: the
subject itself is part of the object something like its
self-regarding or self-recording function. In Europe apart possibly
from some of the early Greek thinkers (Anaxagoras or Democritus, for
example), coming to more
Page – 326 recent times, we can say that line runs fairly well-represented from Leibnitz to Bergson. In India the Sankhyas and the Vaisheshikas move towards and approach the position; the Tantriks make a still more near approach. Once again, to repeat in other terms the distinction which may sometimes appear to carry no difference. First, the subjective objective in which the subject assumes the preponderant position, not denying or minimising the reality of the object. The external world, in this view, is a movement in and of the consciousness of a universal subject. It is subjective in the sense that it is essentially a function of the subject and does not exist apart from it or outside it; it is objective in the sense that it exists really and is not a figment or imaginative construction of any individual consciousness, although it exists in ahd through the individual consciousness in so far as that consciousness is universa,lised, is one with the universal consciousness (or the transcendental, the two can be taken together in the present connection). Instead of the Kantian transcendental idealism we can name it transcendental realism. In the other case the world exists here below in its own reality, outside all apprehending subject; even the universal subject is in a sense part of it, immanent in it – it embraces the subject in its comprehending consciousness and posits it as part of itself or a function of its apprehension. The many Purushas (conscious beings or subjects) are imbedded in the universal Nature, say the Sankhyas. Kali, Divine Nature, is the manifest Omnipresent, omniscient, omnipotent reality holding within her the transcendent divine Purusha who supports, sanctions and inspires secretly, yet is dependent on the Mahashakti and without her is nothing, śunyam. That is how the Tantriks put it. We may mention here, among European philosophers, the rather interesting conclusion of Leibnitz (to which Russell draws our attention): space is subjective to the view of each monad (subject unit) separately, it is objective when it consists of the assemblage of the view-points of all the monads.
The scientific outlook was a protest against the extreme
subjective view: it started with the extreme objective standpoint and
that remained the fundamental note till the other day, till the
fissure of the nucleus opened new horizons to our
Page – 327 somewhat bewildered mentality. We seem to have entered into a region where we still hold to the objective, no doubt, but not absolutely free from an insistent presence of the subjective. It is the second of the intermediate positions we have tried to describe. Science has yet to decide the implications of that position; whether it will try to entrench itself as much as possible on this side of the subjective or whether it can yield further and go over to or link itself with the deeper subjective position.
The distinction between the two may after all be found
to be a matter of stress only, involving no fundamental difference,
especially as there are sure to be g adations from the one to the
other. The most important landmark, however, the most revolutionary
step in modern science would be the discovery of the eternal observer
or some sign or image of his seated within the observed phenomena of
moving things – purusah prakritistho hi, as the Gita
says. Page – 328
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